International Journal of Engineering Business

and Social Science

Vol. 1 No. 02, December 2022, pages: 96-107

e-ISSN: 2980-4108, p-ISSN: 2980-4272

https://ijebss.ph/index.php/ijebss

September 11th is a date forever inscribed in the world's memory as one worst terrorist attack in modern

history. With 2996 people dying in a day, the incident highlighted the global need to re-evaluate how safety is

ensured. Global terrorism is becoming increasingly common, with around 700 incidents in 1970 increasing to

nearly 16,800 incidents in 2014 alone (Berkebile 2017). Stories of conflict and destruction have filled the media,

most recently in Europe, taking place on 22 March 2017 at Westminster Bridge in London. Terror attacks take

many forms. Although their goals are often unknown, they incite, instill fear and are usually used to show

rebellion against aspects of civilization with which they disagree. A repeated target of terrorism attacks is popular

IJEBSS e-ISSN: 2980-4108  p-ISSN: 2980-4272

infrastructure, with airports and train stations being prime targets, due to the heavy foot traffic, the 'open and

of Adrian Dwyer, British Transport Police counterterrorism risk adviser, that 'ensuring 100% protection against

terrorist attacks is not an option (Luxton and Marinov 2020), current terrorism mitigation tools are insufficient

to provide consistent guarantees of public safety. The 2004 attack on the Metro, Madrid showed how vulnerable

the railroads are today, with 191 killed and 1841 injured (Reinares 2014). Terrorism is on the rise and railroads

are expanding. The development of high-speed rail technology, marked by the expansion of the rail network, has

made rail travel a bigger target for terrorist activities. An effective terrorist attack prevention and security system

must be designed to ensure the continuous protection of public infrastructure and railways.

One of the rail developments in Indonesia that is also vulnerable to terrorist attacks is the MRT (Mass

Rapid Transportation). Jakarta's MRT (Mass Rapid Transportation) is the first subway system in Indonesia that

provides affordable and efficient public transportation for its citizens. Construction of the MRT (Mass Rapid

Funded by the central government of Indonesia and the regional government of Jakarta, the first tranche comes

from a loan of around $1.18 billion (or 125.2 billion) from the Government of Japan supported by the Japan

Bank for International Cooperation (JICA). . . Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)). The total

construction cost for the two phases of the project is US$ 2.6 billion. The only impact felt by the public so far

was the announcement from MRT Director William Syahbandar in June 2019, stating that their initial target of

serving 65,000 passengers per day in the first months had been met and exceeded by 15,000.

In terms of impact estimates, the project is expected to produce several results, such as increasing public

transportation capacity, reducing travel time and travel costs, and creating jobs. Greenhouse gas emissions are

also expected to decrease as a result of the MRT (to approximately 93,663 tons of CO2 per year, or 0.7 percent

of the current total CO2 emissions). When people choose the MRT over cars and motorbikes, it is hoped that the

and an improvement in the quality of life", which means "proper design with the effective use of the built

environment is able to reduce fear and incidents of crime and improving the quality of life". CPTED has a vital

role in providing a sense of security and preventing terrorist attacks that take advantage of the existence of the

MRT. Therefore, in writing this paper the author is interested in studying the "Security System and Prevention

of Terrorism Attacks on MRT Lebak Bulus Jakarta" .

e-ISSN: 2980-4108  p-ISSN: 2980-4272 IJEBSS

2. Materials and Methods

CPTED is an acronym for crime prevention through environmental design which asserts that “proper design and

effective use of the built environment can lead to reduced fear and incidence of crime, and increased quality of

life” (Monchuk, Pease, and Armitage 2018). It is based on studies carried out from the mid-twentieth century

onwards (Gašparović, Sopina, and Zeneral 2022).

Various theoretical criticisms of CPTED have been expressed (Ekblom 2019) and discussed elsewhere (Lee et

practitioners, and policy makers, is arguably responding to criticism to create a more robust and rigorous

approach referred to as second generation CPTED (Cozens, Saville, and Hillier 2005). These refinements go

beyond mere physical design to include social factors. The second generation of CPTED uses risk assessment,

socio-economic and demographic profiles (Frimpong 2021) and active community participation (Mihinjac and

CPTED is a complex strategy that will include a variety of interventions and behavioral responses from different

groups of users. CPTED involves territoriality, surveillance, access control, activity support, image/management,

and target setting.

Territoriality is a design concept geared toward reinforcing notions of ownership and “belonging” in

authorized users of a space thereby reducing opportunities to offend by discouraging unauthorized users. In the

first generation of CPTED, this was the main umbrella concept on which everything else was based. Different

forms include symbolic barriers (eg signage) and tangible barriers (eg fences or designs that clearly define and

delineate between private, semi-private and public spaces). Access control and surveillance will also contribute

to promoting territoriality by promoting informal social control of authorized users. CPTED emphasizes crime

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facilitate access control and surveillance, and to reinforce positive behaviors in environmental use” (Silic and

facilitated by windows) formal or organized (eg police patrols) and mechanical surveillance strategies (eg street

lighting and CCTV).

Access control is a CPTED concept that focuses on reducing opportunities for crime by denying access

to potential targets and creating a high perception of risk in violators. Access control can include informal/natural

(eg spatial definition), formal/organized (eg security personnel) and mechanical (eg locks and bolts) strategies

(the latter two are discussed under the subtitles control and target hardening respectively). Studies by (Xu, Cheng,

and Sugumaran 2020) all show a relationship between design features and crime rates; especially the feature that

allows unrestricted movement of pedestrians through residential complexes. However, researchers have also

found that busier streets with some pedestrian movement have seen a reduction in recorded crime rates (Kim and

Hipp 2021).

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Letters, parcels or parcels containing explosives, incendiary or chemical substances have come in all

bombs weigh 50g–100g).

d. There is a pin-sized hole in the envelope or packaging.

While any suspect items should be treated seriously, most occurrences will serve as false alarms so procedures

for dealing with suspicious items must avoid repercussions that could exacerbate any nuisance.

Physical Security includes:

Security in the form of a physical building/building, doors, windows, fences and other buildings of a private,

government or public institution.

Areas that may not be controlled such as parking lots, bathrooms/ WC, workshops, telephone rooms and others.

Entrance used by people who are not employees in a building or area (guests).

Entrance or exit that is used for external service needs such as Aqua Cars, Vendor or Partner Cars, Guest Cars,

garbage trucks and others.

as “Criminal acts, including crimes against civilians, committed with the intent to cause terrorism among the

general public, groups of individuals or individuals, to threaten the population, or to induce a government or

international organization to do or refrain from doing something. Acts that constitute offenses as defined in

international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism;

According to “Law number 5 of 2018 concerning amendments to law number 15 of 2003 concerning

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of violence that create a widespread atmosphere of terror or fear, which can result in mass casualties, and/or

In the last three years, major attacks in Britain, Russia, Spain, and most recently on India’s subway system left

hundreds dead and thousands injured. The impact of terrorism on mass transportation is counted in lives. With

this in mind, it is necessary to examine terrorist bombings on transportation to determine how the Police can

mitigate the impact of terrorist bombings on Mass Rapid Transportation (MRT) systems. Mass Rapid

Transportation (MRT) not only represents an attractive target, as studies show that of nearly 1,000 terrorist

incidents of various kinds, attacks on transportation are the one most likely to result in death (Wang and Hsieh

2021).

One of the unique aspects of using CPTED for problem solving is the arrangement of “data and

information that must be collected and” analyzed. While crime, fear and victimization are critical considerations,

environmental evaluations need to include information that is not law enforcement based or crime related, for

incidence of crime, and increased quality of life (Leung, Famakin, and Wang 2019). CPTED is a multi-

disciplinary approach that describes criminology, planning and environmental psychology, and is specifically

situated within the field of environmental criminology, gaining theoretical support from opportunity theories

such as rational choice theory and routine activity theory which are also concerned with “identifying the physical

and social environmental conditions that provide opportunities for for crime, and modification of these conditions

to reduce these opportunities (Horváth and Szabó 2019). The goal is to proactively prevent crime, compared to

the reactive strategies of most criminal justice systems such as the police, courts and correctional facilities. Crime

prevention through environmental design is not a new concept. This phrase was coined by Jeffery (1971) but a

significant contributor to the CPTED concept is the renowned criminologist Timothy D. Crowe, a legend in the

security industry. His book ‘Crime Prevention through Environmental Design’ (1991), is a key resource for crime

shrapnel. This has also been initiated in the development of the Mass Rapid Transportation (MRT), where a