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Potential Conflicts in The Nusantara IKN and
Its Prevention Eman Sulaeman
Nasim1 Institut Ilmu
Sosial dan Manajemen STIAMI E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding Author: [email protected] |
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Abstract |
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Potential
conflict, IKN, Prevention |
The Unitary State of the
Republic of Indonesia was founded and its independence was fought for none
other than to protect the entire Indonesian nation and all of Indonesia's
blood, promote general welfare, educate the life of the nation, implement
world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice."
This is as stated in the Preamble to the Law. -The 1945 Constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) paragraph
4 (four). This means that it is the duty of the President as head of state
and head of government to improve the welfare of all Indonesian people both
living on the island of Java and outside Java In fact, after all these
decades it turns out that there is still inequality in various fields,
especially the economy between the island of Java and other regions outside
Java, one of which is due to the position of the country's capital in the
Jakarta area which is located on the island of Java, so that development is
uneven. The high inequality in economic, social and cultural development
between Java and non-Java is getting higher day by day. So
President Joko Widodo, on April 29 2019, announced his policy to move the
National Capital (IKN) from the DKI Jakarta area to other areas in East
Kalimantan, namely North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertangerara Regency
which were chosen as the potential IKN locations. President Jokowi's decision
received support from the DPR RI with the issuance of Law (UU) No. 3 of 2022
concerning the Move of the National Capital. In 2023, this law has been
revised or amended with the approval of the DPR RI, to become Law No. 21 of
2023. In this context, a fairly comprehensive basis and review of the study
of the movement of IKN from the DKI Jakarta area to the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara Regency areas is needed. East Kalimantan so
that there is no potential for conflict to arise in IKN. For this reason, it
is necessary to prepare programs and activities as well as policies to
prevent or at least minimize the potential for social conflict and the
impacts arising from social conflict between immigrant communities and the
indigenous people of East Kalimantan. This type of research uses qualitative
research methods, namely methods that focus on in-depth observation.
Therefore, the use of qualitative methods in research can produce a more
comprehensive study of a phenomenon. Data and information collection
techniques are carried out through observation and literature study. The
results of the study concluded that IKN was prone to the emergence of social
conflict due to the long-standing and hereditary problem of land ownership
belonging to indigenous communities in North Penajam
Paser. Apart from that, it is also caused by the social gap between immigrant
communities, who on average have a bachelor's degree, have special skills, a
high work ethic and a better level of welfare compared to the majority of
native communities. Another factor is the factor of injustice between individuals
in society, whether due to differences in opinions and feelings, cultural
differences, politics. economic and welfare differences that can have an
impact on the birth of clashes both between individuals and between community
groups. It turns out that there have been many social conflicts in this area
for a long time, which if allowed to continue will create disharmony between
the immigrant community and the native communities of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara. |
1�� Introduction
The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia was established and
fought for its independence to protect the entire Indonesia nation and all of
Indonesia's bloodshed, promote public welfare, educate the nation's life,
implement a world order based on independence, lasting peace and social
justice." This is as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of
the Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) 4th
(four) paragraph.� That means it is the
duty of the President as the head of state and head of government along with
all apparatus throughout Indonesia, to fight as hard as possible, together to
improve the welfare of all Indonesia people both living on the island of Java and
outside the island of Java.
But in reality, for decades Indonesia has enjoyed the nature of
independence, not all regions and people have enjoyed welfare. Aka living a
prosperous life. A small part of the people in an area live in a realm of prosperity.
Most of the people of Indonesia still live in poor conditions, even many are
still below the poverty line.
People live in poverty, partly due to their poor areas. Poor
infrastructure, poor natural resources. The community lives prosperously, also
because the area is surrounded by various kinds of infrastructure that supports
the creation of economic growth and the welfare of the people. Most of the
regions and people who live prosperously are on the island of Java.
The occurrence of inequality in various fields, especially the
economy between the island of Java and other regions outside Java, one of which
is due to the position of the country's capital in the Jakarta area which is
located on the island of Java. The position of the country's capital as the
center of government as well as the economic center in Jakarta logically has a
direct impact on the increase in the economy and other activities for the
Jakarta area and its surroundings. This is not only because it receives direct
attention from the central government but also the many facilities and
infrastructure that support this progress.
The high inequality of economic, social and cultural development
between Java and non-Java is getting higher day by day. If left unchecked, this
will encourage the emergence of social jealousy, especially from regional areas
that are still lagging behind developed regions (Sjafrizal,
2014). There have been many examples, in various countries due to the unequal
division of the economy and development between one region and another, causing
political problems. Not a few countries or regions that are left behind
eventually ask to break away.� For this
reason, the solution is balanced regional or regional development (Friedman,
1965: Nurzaman, 2012).
Realizing this, President Joko Widodo, on April 29, 2019, announced
his policy to move the National Capital City (IKN) from the DKI Jakarta area to
other areas in Kalimantan. The certainty of East Kalimantan, precisely between
the two Regencies of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertangerara Regency, was
chosen as the location of the IKN candidate announced on August 26, 2019.�
President Joko Widodo's decision seemed sudden. This is because it
was announced after getting a re-victory or regaining power as the 7th
(seventh) President after the Presidential Election in 2019. The plan to move
the State Capital from Jakarta to IKN Nusantara, was not mentioned at all in
the various Presidential Election campaigns that he participated in during 2019
and 2018. Although it seems sudden, President Jokowi's decision to move the
State Capital from Jakarta Province to North Penajem
Paser Regency and Kutai Negara Regency, both in East
Kalimantan Province, became the National Capital Area, which was named
Nusantara, received support from some of the Indonesian people through most of
its representatives who sit in the House of Representatives of the Republic of
Indonesia (DPR RI) with the issuance of Law (UU) No. 3 of 2022 concerning
Mother Transfers City of State. The law in 2023 has been revised or amended
with the approval of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia,
into Law No. 21 of 2023.�
Law No. 21 of 2023 regulates changes to several provisions and/or
explanations in Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital. The changes
regulated in this Law include the area of land and sea, the authority of the
Nusantara Capital Authority, the spatial arrangement of the State Capital,
funding and management of the revenue and expenditure budget, and others. The
Nusantara Capital Authority is given special authority over the affairs of the
central government and local government in the context of the implementation of
the preparation, development, and relocation of the State Capital, as well as
the implementation of the Special Regional Government of the Nusantara City,
except for those determined by laws and regulations as absolute government
affairs. Funding for the preparation, development, and relocation of the
National Capital, as well as the implementation of the Special Regional
Government of the Nusantara Capital City is sourced from: a) State Revenue and
Expenditure Budget; b) Revenue and Expenditure Budget of the Nusantara City;
and/or c) other legitimate sources in accordance with the provisions of laws
and regulations.
According to Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Relocation of the
State Capital. In the law, it is stated that the name of the new state capital
(IKN) is Nusantara. According to Chapter VII Article 36 paragraph 1, the
Nusantara Capital Authority will start operating no later than the end of 2022.
Meanwhile, the process of moving the population in the IKN will be carried out
in stages. According to the Head of the National Capital Communication Team of
the Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning
Agency, Sidik Pramono, the
development of the IKN is broadly divided into five stages. Phase I
(2022-2024); Phase 2 (2025-2029); Phase 3 (2030-2034); Phase 4 (2035-2039);
Stage 5 (2040-2045).
According to the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas, at that time, Bambang Brodjonegoro
for the construction of a new capital city in East Kalimantan Province was
estimated to move 1.5 million people in 5 to 10 years. In 2024, Bambang Brodjonegoro, estimates that there will be around 205,000
residents who will move to the capital of the New Country, Nusantara. The
number consists of around 180,000 State Civil Apparatus (ASN), including
central civil servants, officials in the executive, legislative, and judicial
circles and others. Meanwhile, another 25,000 are members of the TNI and Polri.
Furthermore, in 5 to 10 years after the capital city officially
moves, there will be an additional population of around 1.2 million people. The
figure consists of families from ASN assuming two children per ASN as many as
800,000 people and business people supporting the government such as
restaurants, shopping centers and others in the range of 300,000 to 400,000
people. The projected addition is much smaller than the number of people in the
current capital city, DKI Jakarta which amounts to around 10.5 million people.
The population of IKN is predicted to reach 700 thousand people in 2025, then
develop to 1.5-1.6 million people in 2035, until it reaches an estimated
1.7-1.9 million people in 2045.
On the other hand, North Penajam Paser
Regency and Kutai Kertanegara
Regency, part of which will become the IKN area, have a much smaller population
than the number of members of ASN, TNI/Polri, and
other professionals who will accompany the move of the Nusantara IKN. The
number of residents in northern Penajam Paser Regency
based on the 2021 population census is 185 thousand people and the majority are
Muslims. Meanwhile, the population of Kutai Kertangeara Regency based on the results of the 2020
Population Census reached 734,485 people.
In this context, a foundation and review of a comprehensive study of
the IKN Movement from the DKI Jakarta area to the North Penajam
Paser and Kutai Kertanegara
Regencies, East Kalimantan are needed, which are attended by around 1.9 million
residents to see the potential for potential conflicts that will arise in the
Nusantara IKN. So that programs and activities as well as policies can be
prepared to prevent or at least minimize the potential for social conflicts and
impacts
which arises from the existence of social conflicts between
immigrant communities and indigenous people of East Kalimantan, especially
existing communities and have settled first in North Penajam
Paser Regency and Kutai Kertanegara
Regency.
The problem analysis is based on a Literature Review. The literature
review in this study contains laws and regulations, theoretical frameworks,
data and facts related to the core of the discussion, as well as an explanation
of the strategic environment that affects the relocation of IKN from Jakarta to
East Kalimantan and the social impact it causes as well as finding solutions to
prevent the emergence of social conflicts between immigrant residents and
residents who have lived in East Kalimantan and around IKN for a long
time.� before the National Capital City
actually moved from Jakarta to IKN Nusantara.
In relation to the review of laws and regulations, it is necessary
to understand the aspects and legal basis along with derivative regulations of
the Law regarding the relocation of IKN from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, the
possibility of potential social conflicts, and efforts to prevent social
conflicts that arise in the future, or minimize the social impact that may
occur.
This Kajan is inseparable from the dynamics of the strategic environment that affects the plan and process of moving IKN as well as looking at the potential social conflicts that arise in IKN that can interfere with the harmonization of relations between indigenous Kalimantan residents and immigrant residents in IKN Nusantara, as well as the running of the government and development in IKN Nusantara. The influence of the strategic environment must get a deeper discussion or get the same portion as other factors so that it can be known whether the move and arrival of immigrant residents to the Nusantara IKN area located in the East Kalimantan region causes social conflicts or not. What is the impact on the community and development in the IKN if the potential conflict really breaks out or occurs.� At the same time, it can also be known what the solution is to avoid the emergence of social conflicts. If there is a potential conflict, it can be minimized so that the potential conflict does not result in a conflict. But it is actually a harmony and mutually beneficial cooperation between various community groups and ethnic groups in the IKN Later.� If the potential conflicts are known early, of course, it is possible to prepare scarce anticipatory steps and adequate program programs so that potential conflicts do not result in social conflicts but instead become cooperation and harmony between ethnic groups as part of the big family of IKN and the Republic of Indonesia.
2��� Materials and Methods
This type of research uses a qualitative research method, which is a
method that focuses on in-depth observation. Therefore, the use of qualitative
methods in research can produce a more comprehensive study of a phenomenon.
Data and information collection techniques are carried out through observation
and literature study.
3�� Results and Discussions
Facts and Facts.
The 7th President of the Republic of
Indonesia, Joko Widodo, has issued his phenomenal policy, moving the National
Capital (IKN) from the province of DKI Jakarta to East Kalimantan precisely at
the location that stands in two districts, namely North Penajam
Paser Regency and Kutai Kertanegara
Regency which was later named Nusantara. This policy is in accordance with the
2020-2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) and Indonesia's Vision
2045. The decision has been approved by most of the Indonesian people
represented by the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia with
the issuance and approval of Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital
(IKN).
There are 6 (six) reasons for the issuance
of the IKN transfer policy from DKI Jakarta Province which is located on the
island of Java to the Nusantara IKN area located in two districts, namely North
Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai
Kertanegara Regency in East Kalimantan Province.
First, the main reason for the relocation of the country's capital is because
the burden of Jakarta and Java is already too heavy. The Inter-Census
Population Survey (SUPAS) in 2015 stated that 56.56 percent of Indonesia's
population or 150.18 million people were concentrated on the island of Java.
Meanwhile, on other islands, the percentage of Indonesia's population is less
than 10 percent. Except for the island of Sumatra, which is 22.1 percent or
58.45 million people. In Kalimantan, the percentage of Indonesia's population
is only 6.1 percent or 16.23 million people. In Sulawesi, the percentage of
Indonesia's population is 7.4 percent or 19.56 million people. Then in Bali and
Nusa Tenggara, the population is 14.90 million people or 5.6 percent of the
population of Indonesia. Meanwhile, Maluku and Papua have the smallest
percentage, namely 2.8 percent or 7.32 million people.
The second reason for the relocation of the
IKN is because the economic contribution of the island of Java to Indonesia's
economic growth or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is very dominant. While other
islands are still far behind. Therefore, President Jokowi wants to abolish the
term "Jawascentris" so that economic
contributions on other islands must also be increased. Based on data from the
Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2020, the economic contribution to GDP on
the island of Java is 59 percent. Meanwhile, economic growth on the island of
Java was 5.52 percent. In Sumatra, the economic contribution is 21.31 percent.
As for Kalimantan, the economic contribution is 8.05 percent with economic
growth of 4.99 percent. As for Sulawesi, the contribution is 6.33 percent with
an economic growth of 6.65 percent. Then in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, the
contribution is 3.06 percent with economic growth of 5.07 percent. Then in
Maluku and Papua, it contributed 2.24 percent with economic growth of 7.40
percent.
The third reason is the availability of
clean water. Based on data from the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing
(PUPR) in 2016, Java and Bali experienced a fairly severe water crisis. The
worst conditions are in the Greater Jakarta and East Java areas. Only a small
part of the island of Java has a green indicator or the availability of water
is still healthy, namely in the Mount Salak to Ujung Kulon area. Fourth reason.
The largest land conversion occurred on the island of Java. In the last few decades,
Java Island has experienced the largest land conversion among other island
groups in Indonesia. This trend is expected to continue for the next few years.
The proportion of land consumption built up on the island of Java dominates,
even reaching five times that of Kalimantan. It is predicted that the land
built in Java in 2030 will be 42.79 percent. In Kalimantan, land development
was 9.29 percent in 2010. The proportion of built land in Kalimantan is
predicted to increase in 2030 to 11.08 percent.
The fifth reason is the very high growth of
urbanization, with the largest concentration of population in Jakarta and
Greater Jakarta. In 2013, Jakarta was ranked 10th most populous city in the
world (UN, 2013). Then in 2017 it was ranked 9th most populous city in the
world. Based on the results of the 2020 population census, the number of
residents of DKI Jakarta Province at night reached 10.56 million people.
Meanwhile, during the day, it reached 12 million people. 1.5 million of them
come from the Bodetabek area. The increasing burden
on Jakarta has an impact on decreasing the carrying capacity of the environment
and the magnitude of economic losses. It is prone to flooding, land drops and
sea levels rise, and river water quality is heavily polluted. About 50 percent
of the Jakarta area has a flood safety level below 10 years (ideally a large
city with a minimum of 50 years).
Although it does not have Mount Merapi, the
DKI Jakarta area is only 93.2 KM from Mount Merapi Salak and about 94.1 KM from
Mount Merapi Pangrango, both located around Bogor
Regency and Sukabumi, West Java.� The DKI DKI Jakarta
area, is also close and only about 158 KM from the Krakatau volcanic area
located in the Sunda Strait. The three mountains are still very active and have
the potential to erupt so that earthquakes-tsunamis, South Megathrust, West
Java and the Sunda Strait as well as land earthquakes of the Baribis Fault, Lembang Fault, and Cimandiri
Fault.� In addition, land in the DKI
Jakarta area also continued to decline to reach 35-50 cm during the period of
2007-2017.�� It is estimated that in the
next decades, it will sink. This condition is the sixth reason why the
government feels the need to move the IKN from the DKI Jakarta Region to East
Kalimantan, which does not have Mount Merapi and is safe from tectonic and
volcanic earthquakes.
The new National Capital of the archipelago,
which is located in North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertengara Regency, covers
a land area of approximately 256,142 ha (two hundred and fifty-six thousand one
hundred and forty-two hectares) and a sea water area of approximately 68,189 ha
(sixty-eight thousand one hundred and eighty-nine hectares), with territorial
boundaries:
1.�� To the south, it is bordered by Penajam
District, North Penajam Paser Regency, Balikpapan
Bay, West Balikpapan District, North Balikpapan District, and East Balikpapan
District, Balikpapan City;
2.�� To the west, it is bordered by Loa Kulu District, Kutai
Kartanegara Regency and Sepaku
District, North Penajam Paser Regency;
3.�� To the north, it is bordered by Loa Kulu District, Loa Janan District,
and Sanga-Sanga District, Kutai Kartanegara
Regency; and
4.�� To the east it is bordered by the Makassar Strait.
The
land area of the Nusantara Capital City as intended in paragraph (2) includes:
1.�� The Nusantara Capital City area covers an area of approximately 56,180
ha (fifty-six thousand one hundred and eighty hectares).
2.�� The development area of the Nusantara Capital City covers an area of
approximately 199,962 ha (one hundred and ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and
sixty-two hectares). Both are much wider than the DKI Jakarta area.
In accordance with Chapter IV Article 36,
Law No. 3 of 2022, the Nusantara Capital Authority will begin operating at the
latest at the end of 2022. Meanwhile, the physical development has begun to be
built in mid-2022. Meanwhile, the moving process consists of 4 stages. Phase I
is predicted to take place between 2022-2024. The second phase will take place
between 2025-2029.
Meanwhile, Phase III will take place in the 2030-2034 time frame. Phase IV takes place in the period
2035-2039. And the last stage or phase V takes place between 2040-2045.
According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), until the end of
2021 there were 937.23 thousand civil servants working in the central
government. In detail, as many as 936.03 thousand civil servants work in
central government agencies, then there are 233 central civil servants who are
seconded to other agencies, and 1,028 central civil servants who are employed
in other agencies. There are also central civil servants who are seconded to
SOEs or other government agencies, as well as 32 central civil servants who are
employed by SOEs or other government agencies. Overall, the portion of central
civil servants reaches 23.46% of the total civil servants throughout Indonesia
which number around 3.99 million people.�
From the number of civil servants and civil
servants, for the initial stage, civil servants and civil servants who will
serve in the Nusantara IKN, according to the official statement of the office
of the Minister of Empowerment of the State Apparatus for Bureaucratic Reform (MenPAN-RB) who will be transferred to around 118 thousand
to 180 thousand people. The TNI will be the earliest element of the state to
move to the Nusantara IKN. Citing data from the Provisional National
Development Planning Agency, the number of TNI and Polri
members who will be transferred in the initial stage will reach 5,716 personnel
including Paspampres, BIN and other ranks Meanwhile,
according to the TNI Commander General Andika Prakarsa, along with the plan to
move the IKN to North Penajam Paser (PPU) East
Kalimantan, his party will add up to 50 thousand new personnel from three
dimensions, namely the Army,�
Air Force and Navy.
The new IKN area, Nusantara, is located in
North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai
Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The
position of the Nusantara Capital City is geographically located in: the
Northern part at 117" O' 3L.292" East Longitude and O'
38'44.912" South Latitude; Southern part at 1L7" lL'
51.903" East Longitude and 1" 15'25.260" South Latitude; Western
part at 116' 31' 37.728" East Longitude and O' 59'22.51O" South
Latitude; and the Eastern Section on ll7" L8'2a. O84" East Longitude
and l' 6' 42.398' South Latitude.
The south of IKN Nusantara borders Penajam District, North Penajam
Paser Regency, Balikpapan Bay, West Balikpapan District, North Balikpapan
District, and East Balikpapan District, Balikpapan City, to the west is
bordered by Loa Kulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency and Sepaku
District, North Penajam Paser Regency, to the north
is bordered by Loa Kulu District, Loa Janan District, and Sanga-Sanga District,
Kutai Kartanegara Regency;
and to the east it borders the Makassar Strait. The population in East Kalimantan
reaches 3.6 million people, which is projected to increase to 5-7 million
people in 2025, then 8.7-9.7 million people in 2035, and reach 10-11 million
people in 2045. This happens because the government is not only developing the
IKN area, but also the surrounding area.
Meanwhile, North Penajam
Paser is one of the regencies located on the island of Kalimantan, especially
the province of East Kalimantan, where part of the area along with some areas
or the Kutai Kertanegara
area will be used as the location of the Nusantara IKN. North Penajam Paser has an area of 3 333.06 km�, North Penajam Paser.� Be.
Smallest Regency / City. Fourth in East Kalimantan Province after Bontang City, Samarinda City, and
Balikpapan City. Astronomically, North Penajam Paser
is located between 116�19'30" and 116�56'35" east longitude, and
between 00�48'29" and 01�36'37" South latitude. Based on its
geographical position, North Penajam Paser Regency
has the following boundaries: North-Kutai Kartanegara Regency; South-Regency. Paser and Makassar
Strait; West-Paser Regency and. West Kutai Regency;
East-Balikpapan City and Makassar Strait.
The Dayak Paser tribe is a tribe whose
ancestral land is along the southeast of the island of Kalimantan or Borneo or
located in the southern part of the province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia The
Dayak Paser people inhabit several districts and cities in the province of East
Kalimantan and South Kalimantan province, namely in Paser Regency, North Penajam Paser Regency and Balik Papan City Also in Samboja which is now included in Kutai
Kartanegara district,� Bongan, Resak and Pringtali.� The Paser tribe is mostly Muslim around 95%
and some are Hindu Christians Kaharingan or Iden. The Paser tribe is still related to the Dayak Benuaq,
Dayak Tunjung, Dayak Bentian,
Dayak Deah, Dayak Semihim, Dayak Maanyan,
Dayak Teboyan and Dayak Ot Danum]]. The current
population of the Paser ethnic group is estimated at 150,000 people.
Another area where part of the area will
become the Nusantara IKN area is Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Kutai Kartanegara is a regency located in the province of East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. The capital city of Kutai Kartanegara is in Tenggarong
district, which borders Samarinda City. Kutai Kartanegara Regency has an
area of 27,263.10 km� and a water area of about 4,097 km� which is divided into
18 sub-districts and 225 villages/sub-districts with a population of 626,286
people (2010 census) and in 2020 it will increase to 734,485 people.
The population that lives in the Kutai Kartanegara area consists
of indigenous people, such as: Kutai Dayak Tribe,
Benuaq Dayak Tribe, Tunjung Dayak Tribe, Bahau Dayak
Tribe, Modang Dayak Tribe, Kenyah Dayak Tribe, Punan
Dayak Tribe and Kayan Dayak Tribe. Meanwhile, the immigrant population is:
Banjar Tribe, Javanese Tribe, Bugis Tribe, Mandar Tribe, Madura Tribe, Buton
Tribe and Timor Tribe.� Meanwhile, the
livelihood of several ancestors in the agricultural sector is 38.25%,
industry/handicrafts 18.37%, trade 10.59% etc. 32.79%.
Influential Strategic
Environmental Factors
To see whether the relocation of the IKN
from the DKI Jakarta Province to North Penajam Paser
and Kutai Kertanegara
affects the social integration of the people living there so that if left
unchecked, it will cause social conflicts that ultimately cause disharmony
between the immigrant community and the people who have already lived in the
two districts, it is necessary to look at various factors that also affect it.
One of them is the influence of the strategic environment The strategic
environment studied in this research or writing is:
1.�� Regional Influence.
As stated in the previous section and page,
Kalimantan Island is the only island in Indonesia that is directly adjacent to
two countries, Malaysia and Brunei Darusalam. The
only island inhabited by three countries. The two friendly countries are
members of the Association of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN) and use the
Malay language which is easily understood by the people of Kalimantan,
including other regions in Indonesia. The existence of these two countries of
the Malay race has an effect on the process and movement of the Nusantara IKN,
both now and in the future, including the positive and negative influence on
social interaction and harmonization between immigrant communities and people
who have already settled and lived in the Kalimantan region, especially North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertanegara Regency.
2.�� National Influence.
The influence of the national strategic environment has an impact on the condition of national vigilance and resilience as well as the process of moving IKN from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, precisely North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertanegara Regency. The influence of the national strategic environment related to Trigatra, including demographics, geography and natural resources and Panca Gatra includes political, economic, socio-cultural conditions as well as regional and global conditions that have an impact on all aspects of people's lives, greatly affecting the government in determining the decision to move the IKN as well as determining the location of the new IKN. The development of hoax news, the rejection of various community groups against the government's decision and Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the transfer of the IKN to Kalimantan, the existence of the Covid 19 pandemic and the emergence of the world-level Covid 19 Pandemic outbreak which also spread to Indonesia, affecting the economic growth of the community and the country, causing an increasingly sharp level of welfare and prosperity of the community and the control of national economic power by a few people affected the social interaction to the possibility of disharmony between the immigrant community and the local community who inhabit an area, including in the Nusantara IKN later.
DISCUSSION
Common
The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, as explained in article 25 of the 1945 NRI Law, is an archipelagic country characterized by the archipelago with its territories and boundaries and rights stipulated by law.� Currently, Indonesia's population has reached 275,773,800 people from 1,340 ethnic groups, which inhabit part of its 17,504 islands.� Of the number of ethnic groups, the largest ethnic group is the Javanese tribe, which is 41% of the total population of Indonesia. From a religious point of view, most or 86.7% of Indonesia's population is Muslim, as many as 7.49% are Protestant Christians, and as many as 3.09% of the total population of Indonesia is Catholic Christians. Meanwhile, Hindus are 1.74% while Buddhists are 0.77%.�� As many as 0.03% adhere to Confucian religion/belief. Meanwhile, the population adhering to other religions/beliefs is 0.04% of the total population of Indonesia.
The number of ethnic groups with different customs and regional languages plus differences in education levels and socio-economic status, if not managed properly, will easily cause social conflicts among the community which if left unchecked, will endanger the unity and unity of the nation.� Moreover, data from the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemensos RI), as conveyed by the Director General of Social Protection and Security Pepen Nazaruddin of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, as many as 3,150 villages or 3.75% of the total 84,000 villages throughout Indonesia are prone to social conflicts as well as becoming a place for mass fights. During 2018-2019, there have been 71 social conflict events in various provinces.� Meanwhile, the number of casualties due to social conflicts during the 2018-2020 period reached 1,536 people.
The government's decision to move the IKN from the DKI Jakarta area to the Nusantara IKN which is located in two districts, namely North Penajam Paser and Kutai Keranegara, East Kalimantan, which was followed by the transfer of at least 180 000 ASN/PNS and around 50,000 members of the TNI/Polri to secure, maintain, and support the relocation and operationalization of the Central Government in the Nusantara IKN which has a difference in socio-economic status and culture as well as the level of welfare with some indigenous people or people who have already lived in the two districts, if not anticipated and not managed properly, can cause social conflicts as well as disharmony between immigrant communities and indigenous people there. So that if left unchecked, it will be able to disrupt national unity and resilience.
Potential
Social Conflicts in IKN Nusantara
Part of the Nusantara IKN area is in North Penajam Paser Regency. This district is one of the smallest and youngest districts in East Kalimantan Province. This district was only formed in 2002. The area is 3,333.06 KM2. The majority of residents of this Regency are the Dayak Paser Tribe. The population of North Penajam Paser Regency is around 150,000 people.� 95% of the population is Muslim. Some of the Nusantara IKN areas are in Kutai Kertanegara Regency. This area has an area of 27,263.10 square KM. The population in this district is 734,485 people, consisting of the Kutai Dayak tribe, the Benung Dayak tribe, the Tunjung Dayak tribe, the Dayang Mojang tribe, the Kenyah Dayak tribe, the Punan Dayak tribe, the Kajan Dayak Suku, the Banjar tribe, the Javanese tribe, the Bugis tribe, the Mandar tribe, the Madura tribe, the Buton tribe and the Timor tribe.
As many as 75.7% of the population in these two districts live in rural areas (75.7%), the remaining 24.3 percent live in urban areas. Meanwhile, the livelihood of the people from these two districts is 38.25% in the agricultural sector, the regional handicraft industry is 18.37 percent, in the field of trade 10.59% and working in other sectors is 32.79 percent. Like other regions, the area around IKN Nusantara has also experienced several social conflicts. The last social conflict occurred on October 11, 2019, which caused more than 1000 houses of fishermen, especially from the Bugis ethnic group of South Sulawesi, to be burned by the mob, and part of the ferry port facilities connecting North Penajam Paser with Balikpapan, were severely damaged.
From the results of the author's research and research, so far there has never been a conflict caused by hatred due to certain ethnic or ethnic differences or because of hatred for one religion or certain belief. The conflict is more because it is caused by injustice factors. This is in line with Jusuf Kalla's opinion. The former Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia stated that most social conflicts occur in Indonesia, caused by injustice, both economic injustice, political injustice and social injustice. Not because of differences or because of religious issues. Religion is not the main trigger, but it is used as a factor that is often dragged around to clash with the interests of certain groups.
The same is the case with the riots or social conflicts that occurred in North Penajam Paser on October 11, 2019. This case was not caused by inter-ethnic or inter-religious conflicts. This conflict was caused by a group of people from the Dayak tribe who demanded justice from law enforcement officials, as a result of one of their community members being killed by his schoolmate who happened to be from another tribe. The incident was a personal matter. Purely criminal. If in the end there is a riot and burning of the houses of residents of the same ethnicity as the perpetrators of the murder, because the community groups from the camp of the murder victims, receive unfair treatment from law enforcement officials.� The relocation of the IKN from Jakarta to the Nusantara IKN in the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara areas followed by the relocation of around 180,000 to 1.9 million residents, it is not closed that there will be another social conflict conflict that can be the cause of disharmony between immigrant residents and native residents of North Penajam Paser Regency and residents of Kutai Kertanegara Regency.
From the results of the author's search, the potential for potential conflicts that will occur in the future in the IKN area is caused by several things. First, the factor of land disputes that have not been resolved between the East Kalimantan Provincial Government, the Central Government and the local community. Other factors that cause social conflicts in society, apart from injustice factors, include: Differences between individuals. Differences in stance and feelings may give birth to clashes between them, especially differences in stance and feelings. So, this then becomes a significant factor causing conflicts. Differences in interests between individuals and groups are another source of conflict, both economic, political, and so on.
The second potential that can trigger social conflict is the existence of social gaps. The move of the IKN from Jakarta to the Nusantra IKN area in Penajam Paser Utama and Kutai Kertanegara implies the migration of around 1.5 million to 1.9 million ASN and their families from Jakarta or other areas to the Nusantara IKN until 2045. The majority of ASNs who will move are educated in S1 and above. Meanwhile, in the area of the new National Capital candidate, the majority of the population is still high school and junior high school graduates. Only a small percentage have a bachelor's degree.� In addition, immigrant people who work as civil servants, members of the TNI and Polri as well as other professionals, have a better level of welfare or socio-economic status as well as are much more skilled and professional in the field of administrative, government and business affairs. This difference will create a social gap between the immigrant community and the indigenous people.
Types of
social conflicts that have occurred around the IKN
In 1950, for the first time, �a mass fight between Madurese migrants and the Dayak ethnic group broke out. This dispute has resulted in a large number of victims. The exact cause is unknown. 1968: There was an incident of mutual murder between the Madurese and the Dayaks. The cause, a Sungaipinyuh Sub-district Head, Pontianak Regency, named Sani, was killed by a Madura farmer. The farmer was disappointed because the Sub-district Head refused to serve the matter of making a sale and purchase certificate of his land. The farmer who could not accept the reason. was stated, immediately stabbed Sani to death. 1967: Mass fights and expulsions of Chinese people were carried out by Dayak people. Around 50 thousand Chinese fled to Serawak. This conflict is more caused by political factors, not inter-ethnic conflicts. The Chinese accused the Indonesia government of being an accomplice of the North Kalimantan People's Army which was labeled communist.
1976: There was a social conflict in the form of a second large-scale riot between the Madura-Dayak ethnic groups in Sungaipinyuh. This riot was triggered by the murder of Cangkeh, a Dayak farmer, which was carried out by several Madurese who were angry because a Madurese immigrant was reprimanded by Cangkeh just for cutting grass in his house. 1977: Clashes occur again. This time in Singkawang, Sambas Regency. Robert Lonjeng, a policeman from the Dayak tribe was slaughtered by a young Madura man. The young man was apparently blindsided after a war of words with Robert, who reprimanded the young man, angry that his younger sister had been taken away late into the night. Robert was killed instantly by the slash of the Madura youth who was dating his younger brother. 1979: In Salamantan, still in Sambas Regency, a Dayak farmer, named Sidik, was killed by an Asmadin celurite from Madura. Asmadin was angry when he was forbidden to cut grass at Sidik's house. Mass fights, killing each other also occurred. A total of 21 people were killed and 65 houses were destroyed by fire.
1983: There� was another fight between the Madura and Dayak ethnicities. The trigger was the killing of Djaelani, a Dayak farmer by Madura farmers due to land conflicts. 1993: A fight between youths in Pontianak resulted in a number of fatalities. Losses also fell due to the burning of the Church of Mary Queen of Peace and Abdi Agape Christian School by a group because it was considered a gathering place for Dayak people. 1996-1997: The eighth fight broke out in Sanggauledo, Sambas. This anti-Madura action began with a fight between youths from two different tribes. A group of Madura youths seduce women. Bakrie, the son of a Dayak and Madura couple, was offended and stabbed Yokundus and Takim, a Dayak youth, so he was admitted to the hospital. Yokundus' friends also went berserk and attacked the social transmigration areas of Lembang and Marabu. So, the angry young men burned the empty houses.
1999: There was a social conflict in the form of a dispute between Madura, Malays, and Bugis, which later also involved Dayaks, broke out in Sambas, West Kalimantan. A total of 265 people were killed (252 Madura, 12 Malays, one Dayak), 38 seriously injured, nine lightly wounded. Property destroyed: more than 2,330 houses burned and 164 damaged by mobs, four cars burned and six damaged, This case began in retaliation for the case of attacking hundreds of Madurese from Rambaian Village and its surroundings to Paritsetia Village, Jawai District. This incident killed three people and seriously injured three others on the side of the Malays. Surprisingly, what the security forces detained was actually a Malay tribe, not the attacker.
2001: Social �conflict between Madura and Dayak erupted again in Sampit, Central Kalimantan. Based on the records of the National Human Rights Commission, the victims of the fall reached around 400 people. According to police data, more than 319 houses were burned and about 197 others were damaged. There are various versions that triggered this tenth case of inter-ethnic feud. In 2010. There was a social conflict in the form of riots, which became known as the Tarakan troubles. Namely a security incident involving two groups of residents in Tarakan City which began on September 26, 2010, a young man named Abdul Rahmansyah was injured in the palm of his hand. After that, there was a fight between Abdullah's group and the residents of the house, who were residents of the Bugis Letta tribe. Abdullah died with both of his hands cut off due to being slashed by a sharp weapon. After that, there was an act of mutual attack which ended in the burning of the houses of the Bugis Letta tribe residents. In 2012, social conflicts in the form of riots and the burning of AMPS (diesel oil distribution agent) belonging to the Bugis Tribe by the Dayak Community of East Kalimantan This event began with tensions that occurred between Bugis and Dayak tribal figures. The incident occurred because one of the two tribal individuals felt wronged. Dayak community members who want to fill up gasoline at AMPS are prohibited while members of Bugis community groups are allowed. This caused anger because of the injustice. This incident occurred on Friday, November 23, 2012 in Barong Togkok district, West Kutai district.�� And finally in 2019 there was a conflict in the form of a riot in North Penajam Paser which was triggered by a case of demolition caused by a fight between three high school age youths which ended in the death of the young man who was ganged up. As usual after the demolition case ended with a case of burning houses belonging to ethnic Bugis residents carried out by ethnic Dayak residents.
The case became big and spread to other members of the community, inseparable from social jealousy due to the social gap that occurred in the community. In addition, it is also because it is based on cases of injustice. The cases of riots or social conflicts that occurred a few years ago have become valuable lessons for the Central Government, the Nusantara IKN authority, the East Kalimantan Provincial Government as well as the Governments of North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertanegara Regency in managing the Nusantara IKN in the future as well as a very hopeful lesson for us to increase national vigilance (PADNAS). The rampant occurrence of social conflicts must be a manifestation of the concern and sense of responsibility of all apparatus and members of the community, the safety and integrity of the nation/NKRI, so that it does not happen again in the future.
If this social conflict occurs at a time when IKN Nusantara has really carried out its function as the National Capital City where there are many embassies of friendly countries, representative offices of world institutions, including many representative offices and international press personnel who serve in IKN, then this social conflict will be exposed in international media networks as well as become the material for speakers of diplomats serving in IKN. If this happens, in addition to embarrassing the face of the nation and state of Indonesia in the eyes of the world, it can also have negative implications for the confidence of tourists and foreign investors who will visit and invest their capital in the country.
On the other hand, although it appears on the surface or with the naked eye that social interaction in Kalimantan, including in the areas where the IKN candidates are prospective candidates, there is no problem, it seems harmonious and peaceful, but in reality it is not. This can be seen if there is a criminal case involving two different ethnicities, such as sparks burning bushes, interpersonal conflicts can become interethnic conflicts of two warring groups.
This proves that social integration in our country, especially in Kalimantan, has not gone as expected. What is meant by national integration according to the theory of national integration is all efforts made to unite all differences in ethnicity, religion, race, language, customs in a society and make an inseparable whole as a national unity. If before the relocation of IKN Nusantara, social conflicts could easily occur, what if IKN Nusantara had moved and operated in Kalimantan? This must be the material for our common vigilance. Considering that when the construction of the Nusantara IKN had just begun, it turned out that according to some NGOs there were still cases of land problems that were considered to belong to the indigenous people, one of the Dayak tribes in North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara by being taken by the state without any compensation for the needs and made into the Nusantara IKN area.
In addition, there is a prominent difference in socio-economic status between ASN/PNS, TNI/Polri and other professionals who come and settle in the IKN area because of the task of helping and supporting the operation of the central government organization and the IKN authority in the Nusantara IKN, with the indigenous people in the Nusantara IKN or in the area of origin of the IKN candidate, namely North Penajam Paser district and Kutai Kertanegara Regency.� will make it easier to create social conflicts between immigrant communities and indigenous peoples and this can further widen.
If various social conflicts are still occurring in the IKN, it is feared that good relations or social interactions between immigrant communities, most of whom work as civil servants, members of the TNI/Polri and other professionals and their respective family members with the indigenous community will be disrupted. Social interaction is a relationship between two or more individuals. The behavior of one individual influences, modifies or improves the behavior of another individual, or vice versa. If the social interaction is bad, there is no possibility of social disharmony between the immigrant community and the indigenous community. This not only disturbs the unity and unity of the nation, but also endangers national resilience.
Necessary
Social Integration Programs
To prevent the emergence of disharmony between immigrant communities and indigenous communities in the Nusantara IKN Area, both because of the case of land claimed to belong to indigenous peoples that have not been purchased/paid for by the central government, as well as because of social disparities that can cause social conflicts that will ultimately disrupt the running of the central government and the government of the Nusantara IKN authority in the Nusantara IKN. People who live and work in IKN Nusantara, both indigenous people and immigrants, should unite in the IKN Nusantara area, they become part of the IKN Nusantara community. As the people of IKN, they are like a unit of body or organism. Every member of the IKN community, both immigrants and indigenous people, has the freedom to do or take any action according to the encouragement and intuition of the individual himself. However, each other must take care of each other and support the progress of their community members.
If the central government, the authority of IKN Nusantara, the Regional Government of North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kerta State, together with the immigrant community and the indigenous people, apply and deeply appreciate the functional structural theory, then harmonization will be created in the IKN Nusantara. Social conflicts that previously always ended in the burning of settlements and economic assets belonging to certain ethnicities are believed to slowly disappear. In order for all parties, including the indigenous people around the Nusantara IKN Area, to understand, and apply the theory of functional structures, social integration programs are needed. The programs include:
1.�� Cultural
Exchange & Foster Parent Program for Students & Students in Kalimantan.
Activities involving parents from economically established families living in Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi to become foster parents or house parents for thousands of junior high school students and students who are underprivileged but have a very good spirit of learning, academic and intellectual ability from regional areas and schools in North Penajam Paser,� in Kutai Kartanagara, and other areas in Kalimantan Province, to live, school and learn the culture of the local and national community in the city for 6 months. The purpose of this program is to help the government and the people of IKN Nusantara, to educate school children in Kalimantan to know and dive into the culture and character of other Indonesia people so that in the end they will become community leaders or regions who already know and understand the culture of Indonesia people from other regions, so that they are no longer Kalimantan-centric but can think broadly and permeate the diversity of Indonesia. The more and more Kalimantan sons and daughters from junior high school and university age who are involved in this similar program, the more Kalimantan sons and daughters will have the spirit of Pancasila and permeate and implement Bhineka Tunggal Ika so as to avoid various riots and other criminal acts.
2.�� Non-Kalimantan
Cross-Campus Studies and Internships at International Class National Companies
in the Greater Jakarta area.
This program aims to improve the quality and professionalism of the Young Generation of the people of North Penajem Paser and Kutai Kartanegara and other areas in Kalimantan, by providing the opportunity to study on a university campus for one semester in the city as mentioned in point 1 above followed by internships at various leading national and international companies in big cities in the country to improve professionalism,� tenacity, honesty, discipline, and mutual respect for the youth of Kalimantan so that once they graduate, they become a skilled, professional and honest workforce.
3.�� Improving the skills and professionalism of prospective workers from IKN Nusatara and Kalimantan, by participating in various Job Training Centers in Major Cities in Indonesia.
4. Building and opening vocational schools and vocational programs in the fields of IT, Multimedia, communication, Graphic Design, Hospitality and other fields that are needed in IKN Nusantara and Kalimantan.������������
5. Designing various kinds of activities that involve the participation of immigrants and indigenous residents.
6. � Responding quickly to various cases of law violations through a fair and transparent law enforcement process to anyone who is considered to be in violation of the law, so that the public's trust in law enforcement officials grows and there are no more criminal cases that are resolved independently by community groups that can end in cases of arson and looting.
7.� Encouraging the Regional Head Program in Kalimantan to carry out activities that can realize social interaction between residents and tribes to bring leaders closer to their people while also increasing people's trust in their leaders and increasing national insight into diversity among Kalimantan residents.
8. � Conduct clearer and more thorough data collection on cases of indigenous peoples' reclamation of land that is now the land area of the Nusantara IKN so that no community land is taken by the state without a process of paying compensation to the community that owns the land heirs.
4�� Conclusion
From the explanation and discussion along with the theoretical
framework that has been put forward previously regarding the potential for
social conflicts that occur in the Nusantara IKN and its prevention, it can be
concluded that, first, although the indigenous people of North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan have long been
accustomed to living openly and side by side with other ethnic groups, but the
relocation of the State Capital from DKI Jakarta Province which was followed by
a move of around 1. 500,000 � 1,900,000 ASN/PNS, members of the TNI/Polri and other professionals and their respective families
gradually within 23 years to the Nusantara IKN Authority area located between
North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai
Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, remain prone to
social conflicts in the future. This is because of the potential for potential
conflicts that arise in the IKN area. First, the problem of land ownership that
is currently used or included as a land area of the Nusantara IKN, which
according to several tribal chiefs and non-governmental organizations, the land
belongs to the indigenous people in North Penajam
Paser who have been used for a long time and have been used for various family
life needs. Meanwhile, the state has not carried out any payment/compensation
process. In addition, there is a social gap between immigrant communities who
on average have a bachelor's education, have special skills, a high work ethic
and a better level of welfare than most of the indigenous people or who have
lived and settled in North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara Regencies. This
is in line with the modern theory of social conflict, which states that one of
the factors that cause social conflicts in society, apart from the existence of
injustice factors as well as differences between individuals in society, both due
to differences of opinion and feelings, cultural differences, and politics.
economic and welfare differences that can have an impact on the birth of clashes
both between individuals and between community groups.
Second, from a long time of coexistence with various ethnic groups
with different languages, customs and religions, and from the many social
conflicts that occurred in their area, the indigenous people and people who had
lived and settled in North Penajam Paser and Kertanegara Regency have never experienced conflicts that
were deliberately created because of hatred against a certain ethnic/ethnic
group or religion. Social conflicts that have occurred so far to the point of
taking victims of property and lives, are more caused by criminal acts
committed by community members from certain tribes, but often the delay in
handling the law by law enforcement officials results
in inter-ethnic riots.
Third, the many potential social conflicts that occur in the area
around the Nusantara IKN, if allowed to continue, will create disharmony
between the immigrant community and the indigenous people of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara. Implementing functional structural theories,
one of which was initiated by Talcon Parson, is to
prevent the emergence of social conflicts that can lead to the creation of
disharmony among community members who live and work in the Nusantara IKN, both
indigenous people and immigrants unite into the Nusantara IKN community. As the
people of IKN Nusantara, they are like a single body or organism. Every member
of the IKN community, both immigrants and indigenous people, has the freedom to
do or take any action according to the encouragement and desire of the
individual himself but is bound by common regulations that have been agreed
upon by the Nusantara IKN community either in writing such as laws,
Presidential Regulations of Regional Regulations/Perto (regional regulations/authority
regulations) or unwritten.� Each other
must take care of each other and support the progress of its community members.
If the central government, the authorities of IKN Nusantara, the Regional
Government of North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kerta State, together with the immigrant community
and indigenous peoples apply and appreciate and implement this functional
structural theory, then harmonization will be created in IKN Nusantara. Social
conflicts that previously always ended in inter-ethnic conflicts in the future
will slowly disappear or be minimized.
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