International Journal of Engineering Business

and Social Science

Vol. 2 No. 5, Mei 2024, pages: xxx-xxx

e-ISSN: 2980-4108, p-ISSN: 2980-4272

https://ijebss.ph/index.php/ijebss

Political Law of Health Professions Organizations

R. Windi Rachmawati Kusumah, Rosi Wulandarii, Taufiqurrohman syahurii

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Indonesia

E-mail: Ilmiah[email protected]m

Keywords

Abstract

professional

organizations; Health

legislation; Professional

Ethics.

Health professional organizations play a central role in providing guidelines,

standards, and ethics that maintain the integrity and quality of health care. Health

services are a crucial aspect of human life, and to ensure their quality, professional

organizations are needed. Method. The research method is the study of literature.

Using document data published between 2000 and 2023. English and Indonesian

speaking. Using google data base and google scholar. By keywords: professional

organizations, health legislation. Professional ethics Research results obtained from 20

literature reviews from google and google schoolar data search period between 2000-

2023.Conclusion. After Health Law No. 17 of 2023, Health professional organizations

no longer have functions as before, which still raises pros and cons in the Indonesian

Health world.

for possible open-access publication

under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA)

license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).

1 Introduction

Health professional organizations play a central role in providing guidelines, standards, and ethics that

maintain the integrity and quality of health care. Health services are a crucial aspect of human life, and to ensure

their quality, professional organizations are needed. They serve to establish standards of health practices that must

be followed by its members, including clinical guidelines, medical procedures, and treatment protocols. It aims to

ensure that patients receive safe, effective, and compliant care with the latest developments in medical science. In

addition, professional organizations are also tasked with developing a code of ethics that regulates the behavior of

their members. This professional ethic is essential to ensure that health workers act with integrity, put the interests

of patients first, and avoid conflicts of interest that can harm patients. Through setting these standards and ethics,

health professional organizations play a crucial role in building a solid foundation for quality health care (Darwin,

2015).

Some well-known health professional organizations that play an essential role in supporting a sound health

system are the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Medical Association (AMA), and the American

Nurses Association (ANA). WHO is a global organization that coordinates international health efforts and develops

global health standards; meanwhile, the AMA is the largest medical organization in the United States, and it plays a

vital role in developing clinical guidelines, strengthening medical education, and influencing national health policies.

On the other hand, ANA is the leading nursing professional organization in the United States committed to improving

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nursing care practices, promoting nurse well-being, and increasing patient access to quality health care (Vatikawa &

Amnawaty, 2018).

Professional organizations in the health sector are essential at the national level and globally. Organizations

like the WHO are essential in coordinating international health efforts and determining the global direction of health

system development. This professional organization also helps overcome global challenges such as pandemics, the

spread of infectious diseases, and other public health problems (INDONESIA, 2021).

In carrying out their duties, health professional organizations often refer to external resources and scientific

research to support their decision-making. These resources include clinical guides, medical journals, the latest

research in various health disciplines, and relevant health reports and data. Strong references become the foundation

for professional organizations in developing standards, guidelines, and ethics relevant to scientific and technological

developments in the health sector (Susanto, 2023).

In the context of scientific research and the development of health practice standards, professional

organizations refer to various leading medical journals and scientific publications. An example is the Journal of the

American Medical Association (JAMA), which the AMA published. The journal is one of the leading sources for up-to-

date medical research and clinical guidance. Professional organizations also rely on health reports and data published

by agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States or similar agencies in

other countries. This data informs better health practices and supports effective health policies (INDONESIA, 2021).

In addition, professional organizations also collaborate with academic and research institutions to develop

better clinical guidelines and standards. These collaborations include participating in scientific research, participating

in clinical trials, and contributing practical knowledge from the field to the scientific community. In this way,

professional organizations actively advance health science and ensure that medical practice is always based on strong

scientific evidence (INDONESIA, 2021).

Professional organizations in the health sector play a crucial role in regulating, supervising, and developing

standards and ethics in health services. They ensure that patients receive safe, effective, and compliant care with the

latest developments in medical science. Professional organizations such as WHO, AMA and ANA have a significant

impact at national and international levels in advancing the quality of health services and public welfare. By referring

to relevant scientific references and resources, these organizations ensure that the latest knowledge in the field of

health supports their decisions. As such, they are essential in creating a better health system.

2 Materials and Methods

The research method is the study of literature. They are using document data published between 2000 and

2023. I speak English and Indonesian and use Google databases and Google Scholar by keywords: professional

organizations and health legislation. Professional ethics.

3 Results and Discussions

The research was obtained from 20 literature reviews from Google and Google Scholar data for the search

period between 2000 and 2023. Health Law no 17 of 2023 After Health Law no 17 of 2023, health professional

organizations no longer have the functions they had before, which still raises pros and cons in the Indonesian health

world. The research method is the study of literature. They are using document data published between 2000 and

2023. I speak English and Indonesian and use Google databases and Google Scholar—keywords: professional

organizations, health legislation. Professional ethics.

Indonesian Health Professional Organization

As an archipelagic country with a large population, Indonesia has unique challenges in maintaining the health

of its people. Health is essential to national development, and a sound and organized healthcare system is

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indispensable to achieving sustainable prosperity. Health professional organizations are essential in providing

direction, regulation, and standards for medical practice and healthcare in Indonesia (Adam, 2010).

A professional organization is an entity consisting of individuals who have specific qualifications and

competencies in a field. The main objective of professional organizations is to protect and promote the interests of

their members and the general public in the context of the services they provide. In the field of health, professional

organizations play a role in coordinating medical practice, developing professional ethics, ensuring that their

members continuously improve their qualifications and competencies, and contributing to the design of health

policies.

In Indonesia, several professional organizations in the health sector play a role in regulating, developing, and

supervising medical practices and health care. Here are some types of significant health professional organizations

in Indonesia:

1. Indonesian Medical Association (IDI)

The Indonesian Medical Association (IDI) is a professional organization accommodating doctors in

Indonesia. IDI was established on October 28, 1945, and is one of the oldest professional organizations in

Indonesia. The main objective of IDI is to develop medical science, improve the quality of medical practice, and

maintain ethics and morals in the medical profession. IDI also plays a role in formulating clinical practice

standards, coordinating medical research efforts, and participating in national health policymaking.

2. Ikatan Bidan Indonesia (IBI)

The Indonesian Midwives Association (IBI) is a professional organization that accommodates midwives

in Indonesia. IBI was established in 1951 and has a vital role in regulating midwifery practice, improving the

quality of midwifery services, and promoting the welfare of mothers and children. IBI is also actively developing

a midwife education curriculum, providing training and research in midwifery.

Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia (IAI)

The Indonesian Pharmacists Association (IAI) is a professional organization that accommodates

pharmacists in Indonesia. IAI was established in 1947 and has a vital role in regulating pharmaceutical practice,

developing professional ethics, and ensuring that medicines provided to the public are safe and effective. IAI

also contributes to pharmaceutical research and development of national pharmaceutical standards.

3. Ikatan Ahli Gizi Indonesia (IAGI)

The Indonesian Nutritionist Association (IAGI) is a professional organization that accommodates nutritionists

in Indonesia. IAGI plays a role in developing nutrition science, providing healthy nutrition guidelines to the

community, and improving the qualifications and competencies of nutritionists. The organization also prepares

national nutrition standards and campaigns to prevent nutritional problems.

4. Indonesian Veterinary Association (PDHI)

The Indonesian Veterinary Association (PDHI) is a professional organization that accommodates

veterinarians in Indonesia. PDHI was established in 1971 and aims to regulate the practice of veterinary

medicine, ensure the health of farm animals, and protect the public from diseases that can be transmitted from

animals to humans. PDHI also contributes to animal health efforts and healthy animal-rearing campaigns.

5. Indonesian Association of Occupational Therapists (ITOI)

The Indonesian Association of Occupational Therapists (ITOI) is a professional organization that

accommodates occupational therapists in Indonesia. ITOI aims to develop occupational therapy science,

improve the qualifications of occupational therapists, and support rehabilitation services for individuals with

impaired body functions. The organization also plays a role in developing occupational therapy practice

guidelines and standards.

6. Indonesian National Nurses Association (INNA)

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The Indonesian National Nurses Association (INNA) is a professional organization that accommodates

nurses in Indonesia. INNA has a vital role in regulating nursing practice, improving the quality of nursing care,

and promoting safe and effective care. The organization is also involved in developing nurse education curricula

and advanced training.

7. Indonesian Psychologists Association (PAPSI)

The Indonesian Psychologists Association (PAPSI) is a professional organization that accommodates

psychologists in Indonesia. PAPSI aims to develop psychological science, improve the qualifications of

psychologists, and support quality psychological services to the community. The organization is also engaged

in developing the professional ethics of psychologists.

All health professional organizations in Indonesia have roles and responsibilities in coordinating medical

practice, developing professional ethics, improving the qualifications of their members, and contributing to

health policy design. They also work closely with governments, academic institutions, and the general public to

ensure health services are delivered to the highest standards.

In addition to the health professional organizations mentioned above, other professional organizations

focus on specific health fields. For example, in the field of dental health, there is the Indonesian Dental

Association (PDGI), which regulates dental practice and improves the quality of dental services. Similarly, in the

field of reproductive health, there is the Indonesian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (POGI), which

oversees obstetrics and gynecology practices and provides guidance for reproductive health care.

In addition to the types of professional organizations above, Indonesia also has a broader range of health

regulatory institutions, such as the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The ministry is responsible

for formulating national health policies, regulating the health care system, and supervising several health

professional organizations under it. The Ministry of Health also runs national health programs, including

vaccination programs, infectious disease prevention, and public health care.

In addition to the institutions and professional organizations mentioned, Indonesia has several

independent institutions tasked with developing health policies and regulations. One is the Food and Drug

Supervisory Agency (BPOM), which oversees the safety of drugs and food circulating in the market. BPOM has

a vital role in ensuring that medicines used by the community are safe and of high quality.

The Importance of Indonesian Health Professional Organizations

Health professional organizations in Indonesia are vital in maintaining and improving the quality of

health services and ensuring that medical and healthcare practices occur by established standards and ethics.

In the context of national health systems, this professional organization is not only a forum for health

professionals to unite and develop themselves but also an essential guardian in protecting patient rights,

encouraging innovation in the health sector, and contributing to the design of better health policies. In this

paper, we will further review the importance of professional organizations in Indonesia's health sector and

their positive impact on improving the quality of health services (Noor, 2020).

One of the critical roles of professional organizations in the health sector is to maintain and improve the

quality of health services. They develop clinical practice standards and guidelines that must be followed by its

members, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals. This standard covers

medical procedures, treatment protocols, ethics in health practice, and measures to prevent medical errors. An

example of a professional organization that has a significant role in developing standards of practice is the

Indonesian Medical Association (IDI), which formulates clinical practice guidelines for doctors in Indonesia.

Through developing and implementing this standard, professional organizations help ensure that patients

receive safe, effective, and quality care.

In this context, several scientific studies show that regulating medical practice through professional

organizations positively impacts patients' clinical outcomes. For example, research published in the "Journal of

General Internal Medicine" in 2019 found that medical practices overseen by professional organizations have

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lower error rates and better patient outcomes. This shows that the role of professional organizations in

developing strict practice guidelines and supervising medical practices contributes to patient safety.

In addition to maintaining the quality of health services, professional organizations in the health sector

also protect patient rights. They have a code of ethics that governs the conduct of their members, which includes

a commitment to putting patients' interests first and staying away from conflicts of interest. When patients face

problems or claims related to health services, professional organizations can mediate and offer assistance in

resolving the problem. For example, the Indonesian National Nurses Association (INNA) protects patients'

rights and ensures that their nurses provide safe and quality care.

In addition, professional organizations also play a role in improving the qualifications and competencies

of their members. They provide advanced training, continuous education, and other educational resources that

help health professionals continue to develop themselves. This is important in responding to medical science

and technology's ever-changing development. For example, the Indonesian Dental Association (PDGI) organizes

advanced training for dentists to ensure they remain competent in facing the latest medical challenges (Hafizah

& Fitriasih, 2022).

In addition, professional organizations also play a role in encouraging innovation in the health sector.

They are often part of medical research efforts and multidisciplinary collaborations to develop new solutions

in care and medicine. These organizations can also be a voice to advocate for changes in health systems,

including increased access to better health care. A concrete example is the American Medical Association's

(AMA) efforts to improve access to health care for all United States citizens through various policies and

advocacy (Suparman, 2020).

In addition to the positive impact on health services, health professional organizations also contribute to

the design of better health policies. They have in-depth expertise and knowledge of health systems and the

challenges health professionals and patients face. Therefore, they often consult and discuss with governments

and relevant agencies in formulating effective health policies. The involvement of professional organizations in

the policy process can help ensure that the policy is appropriate to the needs of society and takes into account

the perspectives of health professionals (Morita AB, 2019).

In addition, professional organizations in the health sector can also be a source of information and

advocacy for the general public. They often issue official statements, guidelines, and educational resources that

can help people understand health issues, make better decisions about health care, and raise awareness about

the importance of health.

In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, health professional organizations in Indonesia also play a vital role

in providing information, guidelines, and support to their members and the general public. They support

governments in dealing with the pandemic, providing care to COVID-19 patients, and disseminating accurate

information on protecting themselves and the public from spreading the virus. Concrete examples are IDI's role

in providing guidance and training to doctors throughout Indonesia on handling COVID-19 patients and INNA's

efforts in guiding nurses working on the front lines of the pandemic (Tarisa, 2021).

The importance of health professional organizations is also reflected in their role in advocating for the

profession's rights and its members' welfare. They strive to ensure that health professionals have working

conditions that are safe, fair, and appropriate to their competence. This has a positive impact on the health

professionals themselves and the health service as a whole. The well-being and motivation of health

professionals are essential factors in maintaining the quality of care they provide to patients.

Human resources in the health field are valuable assets for the state, and health professions organizations

act as representatives and defenders for these professionals. They ensure that the rights of health workers are

respected and protected, including the right to work in a safe environment, the right to receive the necessary

training, and the right to be treated fairly by the health system.

Health professional organizations also have an essential role in addressing ethical issues in medical

practice. They develop a code of ethics that guides its members in dealing with ethical dilemmas that often arise

in health practice. This code of ethics includes principles such as patient autonomy, fairness in health care, and

avoiding conflicts of interest. Through developing and enforcing this code of ethics, professional organizations

help maintain integrity and ethics in health practice (Ethics, 2007).

In addition, health professional organizations also play a role in supporting the education and training of

health professionals. They provide educational resources, advanced training, and certification programs that

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help their members continuously develop their competencies. In an ever-changing healthcare environment,

quality education and training are essential to ensure that healthcare professionals stay up-to-date with the

latest medical science and technology developments.

In addition to its direct role in regulating medical practice, advocating patient rights, and developing

professional ethics, health professional organizations also play a role in promoting public health. They

participate in outreach campaigns, disease research, and health programs to raise public awareness about the

importance of health. The organization also frequently partners with governments on disease prevention and

health promotion programs.

In addition, health professional organizations also play a role in maintaining the quality of education and

training of health professionals. They can provide accreditation for health education programs, ensuring that

graduates of those programs meet specific standards and have the necessary competencies to practice well.

This is important in ensuring patients receive care from trained and competent professionals (Hartanto,

Agustina, & Permana, 2018).

The importance of health professional organizations in Indonesia is also reflected in their role in building

collaboration networks between various parties involved in the health system. They work with governments,

hospitals, academic institutions, and other institutions to improve coordination in health services. This

collaboration helps ensure that patients receive integrated and coordinated care. In the context of health crises

such as the COVID-19 pandemic, health professional organizations also play an essential role in providing

psychosocial support to their members (Hartanto et al., 2018). They provide necessary mental health resources

and services to health professionals working on the front lines of the pandemic. This helps maintain the mental

well-being of health professionals who face tremendous pressure in dealing with COVID-19 patients (Tarisa,

2021).

In order to maintain and enhance the role of health professional organizations in Indonesia, it is essential

to support their efforts in developing quality medical practices, protecting patient rights, and promoting public

health. Governments, academic institutions, and the general public can work with these professional

organizations to address complex health challenges and maintain a high quality of health care.

In conclusion, health professional organizations in Indonesia have a vital role in maintaining and

improving the quality of health services, protecting patient rights, supporting the development of professional

ethics, and contributing to the design of better health policies. They also drive innovation in healthcare, support

the education and training of health professionals, and promote public health. In an ever-changing and complex

healthcare environment, health professional organizations are essential partners in improving Indonesian

people's health and well-being.

Professional Organizations after the enactment of Health Law No. 17 of 2023

On July 11, 2023, the House of Representatives (DPR) approved the 2023 Health Bill into law, which

reaped pros and cons among health workers. Some people argue that the passage of the Health Bill was too

hasty, considering that the bill was only discussed the previous year by the House of Representatives of the

Republic of Indonesia (Sahira, 2023).

Medical personnel submitted a formal examination of the Health Law Case Number 130/PUU-XXI/2023

whose hearing was then held at the Constitutional Court on Thursday (12/10/2023); this is because based on

the latest norms, there are contents that are deleted, changed, and replaced by new norms including regarding

professional organizations, councils, collegiums, which are institutional norms and at the same time "heart"

articles that do not ensure the existence of a single forum for medical and health professional organizations.

Similarly, norms regarding the institution of councils, collegiums, and honorary assemblies of discipline

are changed and replaced without formal procedures that meet the principle of meaningful involvement and

participation (meaningful participation Chapter XIX Transitional Provisions, Article 451, which became the

legal norm abolished all collegium entities that are the "heart" organs of professional organizations (not organs

of government and not "property" of government). However, arbitrarily and in violation of the constitutional

right of freedom of assembly, it will immediately abolish all legal entities of the collegium by making a norm

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under Article 451 of the Health Law, which reads: "At the time this Law comes into force, the Collegium

established by each professional organization shall remain recognized until the establishment of the Collegium

as referred to in Article 272 established under this Law". (MKRI, 2023).

4 Conclusion

Health professional organizations in Indonesia play a vital role in maintaining and improving the quality of

health services and ensuring that medical and healthcare practices follow established standards and ethics. They are

a platform for health professionals to unite and develop themselves and become critical guardians in protecting

patient rights, encouraging innovation in the health sector, and contributing to the design of better health policies.

One of the critical roles of professional organizations in the health sector is to maintain and improve the quality of

health services. They develop clinical practice standards and guidelines that must be followed by its members,

including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals. This standard covers medical procedures,

treatment protocols, ethics in health practice, and measures to prevent medical errors. The setting of medical

practice through professional organizations positively impacts patients' clinical outcomes, with lower error rates and

better outcomes.

However, with the enactment of Health Law No. 17 of 2023, professional organizations some contents are

deleted, changed, and replaced by new norms, including regarding professional organizations, councils, and

collegiums, which are institutional norms and, at the same time, "heart" articles that do not ensure the existence of

a single forum for medical and health professional organizations. thus the function of health organizations is no

longer the same and this still raises many pros and cons in the world of health Indonesia. It is hoped that the

government can listen to the aspirations of medical and health personnel related to professional organizations

because the non-singularity of professional organizations can expand ethical or legal problems due to differences in

the regulations of each organization.

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